Tertiary hospital sewage as reservoir of bacteria expressing MDR phenotype in Brazil / Esgoto de hospital terciário como reservatório de bactérias expressando o fenótipo MDR no Brasil

High doses of antibiotics used in hospitals can affect the microbial composition of sewers, selecting resistant bacteria. In this sense, we evaluated the antibiotic resistance profile and the multiresistant phenotype of bacteria isolated in sewage from a tertiary hospital in the interior São Paulo state, Brazil. For bacteria isolation, 10 µL of sewage samples were sown in selective culture media and the isolates were identified using VITEK-2 automatized system. The antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by disk diffusion. High percentages of resistance were found for amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, clindamycin, vancomycin and the multidrug-resistant phenotype (MDR) was attributed to 60.7% of the isolates. Our results show bacteria classified as critical/high priority by WHO List of Priority Pathogens (Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin and Enterobacteriaceae resistant to carbapenems) in hospital sewage. Therefore, the implementation of disinfection technologies for hospital sewage would reduce the bacterial load in the sewage that will reach urban wastewater treatment plants, minimizing superficial water contamination and bacterial resistance spread in the environment.

Altas doses de antibióticos utilizados em hospitais podem afetar a composição microbiana dos esgotos, selecionando bactérias resistentes. Nesse sentido, avaliamos o perfil de resistência a antibióticos e o fenótipo multirresistente de bactérias isoladas em esgoto de um hospital terciário no interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para o isolamento de bactérias, foram semeados 10 µL das amostras de esgoto em meios de cultura seletivos e os isolados foram identificados usando o sistema automatizado VITEK-2. O teste de sensibilidade aos antibióticos foi realizado por disco-difusão em ágar. Elevadas porcentagens de resistência foram encontradas para amoxicilina, ampicilina, ceftazidima, clindamicina, vancomicina e o fenótipo multirresistente (MDR) foi atribuído a 60,7% dos isolados. Nossos resultados mostram bactérias classificadas como prioridade crítica/alta pela Lista de Patógenos Prioritários da OMS (Enterococcus e Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à vancomicina e Enterobacteriaceae resistentes aos carbapenêmicos) no esgoto hospitalar. Sendo assim, implementação de tecnologias de desinfecção do esgoto hospitalar reduziriam a carga bacteriana no esgoto que chegará às estações de tratamento de esgoto urbanas, minimizando a contaminação dos ecossistemas hídricos receptores e a disseminação da resistência bacteriana no ambiente.

Synergy in penicillin, cephalosporin, amphenicols, and aminoglycoside against MDR S. aureus isolated from Camel milk

Abstract This study investigated the synergy testing of penicillin, cephalosporin, amphenicols, and aminoglycoside in the camel milk (n=768 samples), subsequently used for isolation of MDR S. aureus targeting mecA gene. Antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus showed >90% isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim and resistant against oxacillin, ampicillin, and cefoxitin. Further, 50-85% of the S. aureus were sensitive to gentamicin, oxytetracycline, and chloramphenicol and resistant against cefotaxime, vancomycin, and cefixime. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefotaxime, (C) and ampicillin (A) in combination with gentamicin (G) was reduced by 99.34% and 70.46%, respectively, while with chloramphenicol (Ch), reduction was 57.49% and 60%, respectively. In addition, the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) of G+A, Ch+C and Ch+G combinations showed synergy against 80%, 60%, and 30% of MDR S. aureus, respectively. Similarly, C+A and Ch+G displayed indifferent interaction against 70 % and 30% of isolates, respectively, while the later showed additive interaction against 10% of MDR S. aureus. Altogether, our results described effective combination of gentamicin and chloramphenicol with ampicillin and cefotaxime to combat MDR S. aureus

Estudo retrospectivo da contaminação por enteroparasitas e bactérias patogênicas em cédulas de dinheiro / Retrospective study of contamination by enteroparasites and pathogenic bacteria in money bills

Introdução: Diariamente, estamos rodeados por microrganismos, e diversas situações favorecem essa aproximação. Nesse contexto, as cédulas de dinheiro se destacam como possível fonte de transmissão de patógenos, como enteroparasitas e bactérias, uma vez que são manuseadas por inúmeras pessoas. Objetivo e Método: Em vista disso, este estudo teve como objetivo elaborar um levantamento dos estudos realizados nos últimos 20 anos referentes à contaminação das cédulas de dinheiro por enteroparasitas e bactérias patogênicas. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que os enteroparasitas identificados com maior frequência nos estudos foram Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoebacoli (não patogênico) e ancilostomídeos. Com relação à pesquisa de bactérias, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellasp, Escherichia coli e Enterobactersp foram as mais detectadas. Esses dados evidenciam que existe a contaminação das cédulas de dinheiro por bactérias e enteroparasitas, confirmando seu papel como possível fonte de contaminação. Conclusão: Dessa forma, ressalta-se a importância da melhora nos hábitos de higiene básica como estratégia para limitar o ciclo desses patógenos.

Introduction: Every day, we are surrounded by microorganisms, and several situations favor this approximation. In this context, money bills are a possible source for pathogens transmission, such as enteroparasites and bacteria, as they are handled by countless people. Objective and Method: Thus, we carried out a survey study considering the last 20 years of research related to money bills contamination by enteroparasites and pathogenic bacteria. Results: The results showed that the most frequently identified entheroparasites in the studies were Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba coli (not pathogen), and hookworms. Regarding the bacteria research, the most frequently detected were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sp. Conclusion: Data shows that money bills contamination by bacteria and enteroparasites exists, confirming its role as a contam-ination source. Thereby, the importance of better basic hygiene habits as a strategy to limit the pathogen's cycle is reinforced.

Fallo multiórganos por endocarditis infecciosa fulminante durante hemodiálisis / Multi-organs failure for infectious fulminating endocarditis during hemodialysis

Introducción: Al colocar el catéter venoso central en enfermos de insuficiencia renal crónica durante la hemodiálisis, la prevención es imprescindible para evitar la endocarditis infecciosa. El estafilococo dorado es un germen agresivo, que en enfermos inmunodeprimidos con fenómenos cardioembólicos pulmonares y sistémicos, ocasiona daños a funciones de órganos y sistemas. El fenómeno de fallo multiórganos es una complicación temida. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de endocarditis infecciosa agresiva, en un paciente en hemodiálisis. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina, de 31 años de edad, con diagnóstico de endocarditis infecciosa, con tratamiento oportuno, adecuado y multidisciplinario. Después de una mejoría, pasó a un deterioro marcado, falleció por fallo multiórganos, debido a septicemia y cardioembolismos múltiples. Comentarios: La resistencia de los gérmenes agresivos, se hace más frecuente. La vida de la enferma, inmunodeprimida y manipulada, se sitúa en riesgo significativo con fallo multiórganos(AU)

Introduction: When placing the central venous catheter in patients with chronic renal failure during hemodialysis, prevention is essential to avoid infective endocarditis. Staphylococcus aureus is an aggressive germ, which in immunocompromised patients with pulmonary and systemic cardioembolic phenomena, causes damage to functions of organs and systems. The phenomenon of multi-organ failure is a feared complication. Objective: To present a case of aggressive infective endocarditis in a hemodialysis patient. Clinical case: Female patient, 31 years old, with a diagnosis of infective endocarditis, with timely, adequate and multidisciplinary treatment. After an improvement, he went on to a marked deterioration, died due to multi-organ failure, due to septicemia and multiple cardioembolisms. Comment: The resistance of aggressive germs becomes more frequent. The life of the patient, immunocompromised and manipulated, is at significant risk with multi-organ failure (AU)

Valor do ecocardiograma na Endocardite Infecciosa associada aos dispositivos cardíacos implantáveis / Use of echocardiography in Infectious Endocarditis associated with implantable cardiac devices

Nas últimas décadas, o aumento das indicações para dispositivos cardíacos eletrônicos implantáveis tem sido acompanhado pela elevação dos casos de complicações relacionadas ao seu uso, dentre elas a endocardite infecciosa. Apesar dos avanços diagnósticos e terapêuticos da doença, esta mantém elevada morbimortalidade. Os casos relacionados aos dispositivos apresentam importantes limitações referentes aos critérios e aos métodos diagnósticos que implicam na tomada de decisão terapêutica sobre retirada do dispositivo, com risco de morte e outras complicações. Ainda assim, o ecocardiograma mantém um grande valor no diagnóstico da endocardite infecciosa relacionada a dispositivos cardíacos e de suas complicações. O entendimento das limitações e dos desafios acerca do diagnóstico reforça a necessidade de mais estudos sobre do tema. O presente artigo visa descrever a epidemiologia, a microbiologia, os fatores de risco, a patogenia, o diagnóstico e o tratamento da endocardite infecciosa associada aos dispositivos cardíacos eletrônicos implantáveis, visando demonstrar, principalmente, o valor dos exames de imagem na abordagem dessa condição clínica, com ênfase nos achados ao ecocardiograma.

In recent decades, the increase in indications for implantable electronic cardiac devices has been accompanied by an increase in cases of complications related to their use, including infectious endocarditis. Despite the diagnostic and therapeutic advances of the disease, it maintains high morbidity and mortality. The cases related to the devices have important limitations regarding the criteria and diagnostic methods that imply in making a therapeutic decision about removing the device, with risk of death and other complications. Still, echocardiography remains of great value in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis related to cardiac devices and their complications. Understanding the limitations and challenges regarding diagnosis reinforces the need for further studies on the topic. This article aims to describe the epidemiology, microbiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis associated with implantable electronic cardiac devices, aiming to demonstrate, mainly, the value of imaging tests in addressing this clinical condition , with emphasis on echocardiogram findings.

Correlación de colonización de Staphylococcus aureus en mucosa nasal e infecciones faciales de origen no odontogénico / Corelation between Staphylococcus aureus colonization in nasal mucosa and facial infections from non-odontogenic origin

En la actualidad, las tasas que se conocen de colonización de piel y mucosa por el staphylococcus aureus están incrementando día a día. Se ha encontrado una fuerte correlación de la invasión de estos en otras partes del cuerpo (zona axilar, mucosa nasal, entre otras) con la aparición de celulitis y/o abscesos faciales. Se demostró que la flora nasal es muy diversa, encontrándose patógenos como streptococcus viridans, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus coagulasa negativa y Corynebacterium sp, pero sin posibilidad de definir con exactitud cuál es la constancia de los mismos pudiendo presentarse variaciones de esta. A su vez, esto se ve agravado por la falta de adherencia al tratamiento por parte de los pacientes y de otras condiciones como, el mismo contagio o predisposición del medio (sudoración, altas temperaturas, mala higiene, etc.), que facilitan la capacidad de dicho microorganismo de tornarse más resistente, incrementar su población y aumentar así la patogenicidad a través de la codificación de una exotoxina llamada Pantón Valentín (SAMR). Se demostrará entonces, la metodología que se llevó a cabo a través de un análisis descriptivo transversal de los casos tratados en el Hospital Mariano y Luciano de La Vega, con el fin de correlacionar causalidad y efecto (AU)

At present, the rates known for skin and mucosa colonization by Sthapylococcus aureus are increasing day by day. A strong correlation has been found of the invasion of these in other parts of the body (axillary area, nasal mucosa, among others, being the latter the most representative), with the appearance of cellulite and/or facial abscesses. It was shown that the nasal flora is very diverse, finding pathogens such as Streptococcus Viridans, Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus), coagulase negative Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium sp, but that has not been defined exactly the constancy of the same, can be presented variations of this. In turn, this is aggravated by the lack of adherence to treatment by patients and other conditions such as the same contagion or predisposition of the medium (sweating, high temperatures, poor hygiene, etc.), which facilitate the capacity of said Microorganism to become more resistant, increase its population and thus increase the pathogenicity through the codification of a exotoxin called Valentín Panty. To prove the methodology that was carried out through a transversal descriptive analysis of the cases treated at the Mariano Hospital and Luciano de La Vega in order to fulfil the objective of correlating causality and Effect (AU)

Análise do perfil de atendimentos por osteomielite em pacientes acima de 60 anos em regiões brasileiras / Analysis of the profile of osteomyelitis care in patients over 60 years of age in Brazilian regions

Objetivo: Realizar uma análise estatística das internações de pacientes idosos com osteomielite, por região brasileira. Métodos: Foram pesquisadas informações de saúde disponíveis na plataforma do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), avaliando-se, de 2012 a 2016, as variáveis: internações por osteomielite (M86 do CID-10), faixa etária acima de 60 anos, sexo e etnia. Resultados: De 78.967 pacientes internados por osteomielite no Brasil, 16.736 (21,19%) eram idosos, com a Região Sudeste registrando maior número de casos (7.163 internações; 42,79%), seguida da Nordeste (5.165; 30,86%), da Sul (2.462; 14,71%), da Centro-Oeste (1.162; 6,9%) e da Norte (784; 4,6%). O número de internações manteve-se relativamente constante, com média de 3.347 casos por ano. Pacientes de 60 a 69 anos foram os com maior registro (8.786 casos; 52,49%). Em segundo lugar, ficaram os de 70 a 79 anos (5.232; 31,2%) e, por último, os acima de 80 anos (2.718; 16,24%). Em relação ao sexo, o masculino notificou 9.232 internações (55,16%), com 7.504 (44,83%) para o feminino. A etnia branca apresentou maior número de notificações (6.117; 36,54%), principalmente nas Regiões Sudeste e Sul, seguida pela parda (4.947; 29,55%), que se destacou dentre as demais regiões. Conclusão: Diante da heterogeneidade de fatores que predispõem à osteomielite, com destaque para o diabetes mellitus, urge garantir um manejo precoce da infecção e de comorbidades causadoras, a fim de evitar complicações debilitantes ao idoso, bem como prevenir futuras recidivas e internações onerosas ao sistema de saúde brasileiro. (AU)

Objective: To perform a statistical analysis of hospitalizations of elderly patients with osteomyelitis, by Brazilian region. Methods: Health information available from the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) platform was investigated, from 2012 to 2016. The following variables were assessed: admissions due to osteomyelitis (ICD-10 M86), age group over 60, gender and ethnicity. Results: Of the 78,967 patients hospitalized due to osteomyelitis in Brazil, 16,736 (21.19%) were elderly, with the Southeast Region having a higher number of cases (7,163 admissions - 42.79%), followed by the Northeast (5,165 - 30.86%), South (2,462 - 14,71%), Midwest (1,162 - 6,9%), and North (784 - 4,6%). The number of hospitalizations remained relatively constant, with an average of 3,347 cases per year. Patients aged 60 to 69 years were the ones with the highest registry (8,786 cases - 52.49%); in second place, those aged 70 to 79 years (5,232 - 31.2%) and, finally, those above 80 years old (2,718 - 16.24%). Regarding gender, males accounted for 9,232 hospitalizations (55.16%), with 7,504 (44.83%) for females. White people had the highest number of reports (6,177 - 36.54%), mainly in the Southeast and South Regions, followed by browns (4,947 - 29.55%), who were more prevalent in the other regions. Conclusion: In view of the heterogeneity of factors that predispose to osteomyelitis, especially diabetes mellitus, it is urgent that early management of the infection and causative comorbidities is ensured, in order to avoid debilitating complications for the elderly, as well as to prevent future relapses, and costly hospitalizations to the Brazilian health system. (AU)

Effect of Trigonella foenum Extract and ZiO2 Nanoparticles on Some Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria

Aim: The current venture, were made to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Trigonella foenum seed Extract and ZiO2 Nanoparticles on some selected species of Fungi and Bacteria. Materials and Methods: two bacterial species included Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and three fungal species which is Cryptococcus neoformans, Candidda albicans and Chaetomium were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Trigonella foenum Extract and ZiO2 Nanoparticles. Results: This study showed that the Zirconium Oxide (ZiO2) nanoparticles have antifungal and antibacterial activities on the isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida alicans and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. While the antimicrobial activity of Zirconium Oxide nanoparticles on the Chaetomium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was negative. All tested fungi and bacterial isolates were found to be sensitive to Trigonella foenum seed extract, the results of the compination of the ZiO2 Nanoparticle and the Trigonella foenum seed extract were poisitive for all tested fungi isolates and bacterial isolates. The XRD analysis was done for Zirconium Oxide nanoparticles and the result showed that the biocrystallization on the surface of the Zirconium Oxide manoparticles. The average partides size was about (29.8) nm. Conclusions: This investigation conclude that the use of Trigonella foenum seed Extract has the effect of killing all bacteria and fungi under study, result indicate the Trigonella foenun seed Extract best antibacterial efficacy than the ZiO2 together (AU)

Inativação fotodinâmica de bactérias patogênicas de interesse alimentar utilizando o fotossensibilizador protoporfirina IX / Photodynamic inactivation of pathogenic bacteria of food interest using the photosensibilizer protoporfirin IX

Salmonella enterica é um importante patógeno na indústria de alimentos, relacionado com gastroenterites alimentares. Staphylococcus aureus é causador de infecção intestinal. Neste cenário, a inativação fotodinâmica (IFD) surge como uma alternativa de desinfecção desses patógenos. A IFD consiste na interação de três elementos: um agente fotossensibilizador (FS) , luz e oxigênio molecular. Esta interação promove espécies reativas de oxigênio, causando danos irreparáveis à célula . Estes microrganismos possuem morfologia celular diversa, portanto uma concentração ideal de FS para cada cepa se faz necessária para o sucesso da técnica. O comprimento de onda absorvido pelo FS Protoporfirina IX corresponde ao vermelho do espectro eletromagnético (630 nm). Concentrações de 10 e 20 μM do pró-fármaco ácido aminolevulínico (ALA), observou-se a inativação de S. aureus em 20 μM, S. enterica manteve-se em crescimento. A IFD mostrou-se como uma promissora técnica para controle microbiano.

Detection of some virulence factors genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different clinical cases

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogenic type to humans, and the most common species responsible for a wide range of diseases such as furuncles, various abscesses, wounds abscesses resulting from surgical operations, dermatitis, soft tissue inflammation, arthritis, bones inflammation, bronchial pneumonia, inflammation of internal parts of the heart and injuries caused by toxins such as toxic shock syndorome and staphylococcus aureus syndrome and food poisoning. The current study aimed by finding the genes responsible for the virulence factors in S. aureus isolates by using the Single and Multiplex PCR mechanism (technology). A total of 60 specimens (urine, burn swabs, wound swaabs) from different clinical cases were collected from patients (in different age groups) who admitted to several health centers in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Iraq, during a period extending from October 2016 to January 2017. Some virulence factors were investigated for 30 isolate only of MRSA using Single and Multiplex PCR for detection virulence factor genes which both coa gene encoding production of coagulase, clfA gene encoding for clumpting factor, spa gene encoding for protein A, fnbA gene encoding for fibronectin binding proteins, luks gene encoding prouction of Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL). Results 30 (100%) were possess coa, clfA, spa and fnbA genes, 13 (43.3%) were possess luks gene

Seasonal variation of propolis from southern Brazil: phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity, and effects on bovine mammary epithelial cells / Variação sazonal da própolis do Sul do Brasil: screening fitoquímico, atividade antimicrobiana e efeitos em células epiteliais mamária bovina

Previous studies have reported on the phytotherapeutic potential of propolis from southern Brazil (Urupema, Santa Catarina State), in particular, its efficacy in the treatment of bovine mastitis. The present study evaluates the effect of seasonal variation on the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil and its resultant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities in the context of treating bovine mastitis. Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was assessed, along with the cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in MAC-T bovine mammary epithelial cells. With the exception of spring propolis, the flavonoid quercetin was the main compound present in all samples. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of propolis against S. aureus from mastitic milk was 140 µg/mL for samples collected during the spring, autumn, and winter seasons, but 280 µg/mL for samples collected in summer. For MAC-T cells, the spring propolis extract was more toxic with an IC50 of 120 µg/mL. However, for 120 µg/mL of spring propolis extract, only 0.77% of necrotic and 37% of apoptotic MAC-T cells were found, respectively. Nonetheless, the induction of cell death through apoptosis by propolis extract suggests less severe damage to bovine mammary glands. Moreover, only negligible seasonal variation was found in the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil, and no biological activities were determined to be harmful. Therefore, this propolis shows promise as an alternative to commercial antimicrobials in the control of bovine mastitis, offering support for organic milk production.(AU)

Estudos prévios tem demonstrado o potencial terapêutico da propolis do Sul do Brasil (Urupema, Santa Catarina), em particular no tratamento da mastite bovina. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da variação sazonal sobre a composição química da própolis de Urupema do Sul do Brasil e suas atividades antimicrobiana e citotóxica visando o tratamento da mastite bovina. A atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus aureus foi avaliada, juntamente com a citotoxicidade e indução de apoptose em células epiteliais mamárias bovina da linhagem MAC-T. Com exceção da própolis da primavera, o flavonóide quercetina foi o composto majoritário em todas as amostras. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) da propolis contra S. aureus de leite mastítico foi 140 µg/mL para as amostras de primavera, outono e inverno e 280 µg/mL para a amostra coletada no verão. Para as células MAC-T, o extrato de própolis da primavera foi o mais tóxico, sendo a IC50 120 µg/mL. Entretanto, com 120 µg/mL do extrato de própolis primaveril, somente 0,77% de células MAC-T necróticas e 37% apoptóticas foram encontradas. Portanto, a indução da morte celular por apoptose pelo extrato de própolis sugere danos possivelmente menos graves a glândula mamária bovina. Além disso, somente uma pequena variação sazonal foi encontrada para a composição química da propolis do Sul do Brasil, a qual não prejudicou suas atividades biológicas. Portanto, esta própolis mostra como uma alternativa promissora ao uso de antimicrobianos comerciais no controle da mastite bovina e uma opção para subsidiar a produção orgânica de leite.Palavras-chave: Células MAC-T. Mastite bovina. Propolis brasileira. Staphylococcus aureus.(AU)

Molecular characteristics and virulence gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus causing bloodstream infection

ABSTRACT Background: The rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among the total of S. aureus isolates decreased to 35.3% in 2017 in China. It is unclear whether the molecular characteristics of S. aureus isolates have changed as the rate decreased. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the molecular characteristics and virulence genes profile of S. aureus isolates causing bloodstream infection and analyze the correlation between the prevalence rates of the common sequence types and MRSA. Methods: A total of 112 S. aureus strains from eight hospitals of four cities, including 32 MRSA isolates, were identified and evaluated through multilocus sequence typing, spa typing, and determination of virulence genes. Results: Twenty-five STs were identified, of which ST5 (21.4%) was the most prevalent, whereas the prevalence of ST239 correlated with the rate of MRSA among all S. aureus isolates. Forty-six spa types were identified, of which t2460 (14.3%) was the most common. clfa, hla, seb, fnbA and hlb were the prevailing virulence genes. 81.3% MRSA and 45.0% methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates harbored six or more tested virulence genes. ST5-t2460, seldom noted in bloodborne S. aureus isolates in China, was the most common clone. The prevalence of harboring six or more virulence genes in ST5-t2460 and ST188-t189 were 93.8% and 8.3%, respectively. Conclusion: ST5-t2460 was the most common clone in S. aureus causing bloodstream infection followed by ST188-t189, which had never been noted in China before. Moreover, ST5-t2460 harbored more virulence genes than ST188-t189, and the prevalence of ST239 clone decreased with the proportion of MRSA among all S. aureus isolates.

Quercetina atenúa la virulencia de Staphylococcus aureus al disminuir la secreción de alfa toxina / Quercetin attenuates Staphylococcus aureus virulence by reducing alpha-toxin secretion

Alfa toxina, una proteína formadora de poros con actividad citotóxica, es uno de los principales factores de virulencia secretados por la mayoría de las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus. Se ha establecido la relevancia de esta proteína en la patogenia de la neumonía asociada a infecciones por S. aureus. Por lo tanto, la inhibición de la secreción de alfa toxina puede ser una alternativa en el control de las infecciones causadas por este microorganismo. En este trabajo mostramos que quercetina, un flavonoide de origen natural, inhibe de manera dosis dependiente la actividad hemolítica y disminuye la secreción de alfa toxina en sobrenadantes de cultivos de S. aureus sensible y resistente a meticilina. Además, quercetina previene de manera significativa el daño de células alveolares humanas cuando se co-cultivan con S. aureus. Nuestros datos sugieren que quercetina puede disminuir la virulencia de S. aureus al afectar la secreción de alfa toxina.

Alpha toxin, a pore-forming protein with cytotoxic activity, is one of the major virulence factors secreted by most strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The relevance of this protein in the pathogenesis of pneumonia associated with S. aureus infections has already been esta blished. Therefore, inhibiting alpha toxin secretion can be an alternative for controlling these infections. This study shows that quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, inhibits hemolytic activity in a dose-dependent manner and reduces alpha toxin secretion in culture supernatants of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Furthermore, quercetin significantly prevents damage to human alveolar cells when co-cultured with S. aureus. Our results suggest that quercetin can reduce S. aureus virulence by affecting alpha-toxin secretion.

La implementación de procedimientos estandarizados en la prevención de enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos. Conteo microbiológico del Staphylococcus aureus en quesos frescos / Implementation of standardized procedures to prevent diseases transmitted by foodstuffs. Microbiological count of Staphylococcus aureus in freshcheese

Introducción: las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos son una problemática mundial a la que la Organización Mundial de la Salud y los países brindan una atención especial. Dentro de los grupos de alto riesgo se encuentran los productos de origen animal, como la leche y sus derivados. Staphylococcus aureus es un microorganismo causante de brotes de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos, lo que genera la necesidad de estudiar la carga microbiana y establecer los controles adecuados. Objetivo: evaluar la calidad microbiológica en el proceso manufacturero en el área de producción de la Cooperativa de Producción Agropecuaria Chone LTDA, con el fin de asegurar la ausencia del Staphylococcus aureus en el queso fresco 100% chonero. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de evaluación de la calidad en cuatro fases. Se realizaron exámenes microbiológicos iniciales, se identificaron las causas esenciales de contaminación identificadas por observación directa, revisión de documentos y entrevistas, como base para la elaboración e implementación de POE (Procedimientos Operativos Estandarizados) y POES (Procedimientos Operativos Estandarizados de Saneamiento). Se cumplieron los requerimientos éticos y se realizaron los análisis estadísticos utilizando porcentaje e índices como medida resumen y con el uso de IBM SPSS, versión libre, realizándose regresión logística binaria para determinar la probabilidad de éxito al aplicar dichos procedimientos. Resultados: los análisis microbiológicos iniciales (antes de implementación de POE y POES), dieron como resultado: 98, 116, 79, 120 y 13 UFC/g para las muestras: DiQ1, DiQ2, DiQ3, DiQ4 y DiQ5, respectivamente. Las causas esenciales de contaminación fueron falta de control microbiológico, falta de control del aspecto del personal y falta de control del agua) Una vez implementados los POE y POES, el análisis mostró ausencia en todas las muestras analizadas. Conclusiones: se concluye que la aplicación de POE y POES tiene un efecto significativo sobre la ausencia del Staphylococcus aureus, con probabilidad de éxito del 100% (AU).

Introduction: Diseases transmitted by foodstuffs (DTF) are a worldwide problem that receives special attention by WHO and different countries. High risk groups include foodstuff of animal origin, like milk and its by-products. Staphylococcus aureus is a microorganism responsible for DTF outbreaks which generates the necessity of studying its microbial burden and establishing the adequate controls. Objective: to evaluate the microbiological quality of the manufacturing process in the production area of the Farming and Stockbreeding Cooperative Chone LTDA, to assure the absence of Staphylococcus aureus in the manufacturing process of fresh cheese. Materials and methods: A study to assess the quality in four stages was carried out: initial microbiological tests, identification of the essential contamination causes by direct observation, documental review and inquires. They were used to elaborate and implement the Standardized Operational Procedures (SOP) and the Standardized Operational Procedures of Sanitation (SOPS). The ethical requirements were fulfilled and the statistical tests were performed using percentages and indexes as summary measures through IBM SPSS, free version; binary logistic regression was made to determine the success when applying those procedures. Results: initial microbiological controls (before implementing SOP and SOPS) gave these results 98, 116, 79, 120, and 13 UFC/g for samples DiQ1, DiQ2, DiQ3, DiQ4 and DiQ5 respectively. The main contamination causes were lack of microbiological control, lack of control on the staff's cleanliness and lack of control on the water. After implementing SOP and SOPS microbiological control found particularly clean samples. Conclusions: SOP and SOPS have a significant effect on the amount of Staphylococcus aureus, with 100% success probability (AU).

Distribución y susceptibilidad de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus aisladas de cinco comunidades en Bogotá, Colombia, 2013 / Distribution and susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from five communities in Bogotá, Colombia, 2013

Staphylococcus aureus ha sido reconocido como uno de los microorganismos con resistencia a los antimicrobianos y mayor impacto incluso en infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad. Objetivo: El presente estudio pretende establecer la prevalencia y el perfil de susceptibilidad en aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus de diferentes comunidades en la ciudad de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Materiales y Métodos: 150 muestras de 5 diferentes comunidades fueron obtenidas mediante hisopado nasal y procesadas para identificación del S. aureus y su perfil de susceptibilidad. Resultados: De estudiantes de Medicina, amas de casa, personas de atención al público, manipuladores de alimentos y conductores de servicio público, se aislaron 43 (28,7%) cepas de S. aureus, 25 en mujeres (58%) y 18 en hombres (42%): 88,4% (38) se tipificaron como meticilino sensibles (SAMS) y 11,6% (5) como meticilino resistente (SAMR). Se encontró resistencia a la clindamicina (31,6% para los SAMS, 60% para los SAMR); al linezolid (50% en los SAMS, 80% para los SAMR) y para el trimetoprim sulfametoxazol (18,9% para los SAMS, 60% para los SAMR). Conclusión: Bajo nivel de cepas de SAMS (25,3%) y SAMR (3,3%) en las comunidades evaluadas, en contraste a estudios en trabajadores de la salud (prevalencia para SAMR del 30%).

Staphylococcus aureus has been recognized as one of the microorganisms with antimicrobial resistance and even greater impact on community-acquired infections. Objective: This study aims to establish the prevalence and susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different communities in the city of Bogota, Colombia. Materials and Methods: 150 samples from 5 different communities were obtained by nasal swabs and processed for identification of S. aureus and its susceptibility profile. Results: From medical students, housewives, people in customer service, food handlers and drivers of public service, we isolated 43 (28,7%) strains of S. aureus, 25 from women (58%) and 18 from men (42%): 88.4% (38) were typed as methicillin susceptible (MSSA) and 11.6% (5) as methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Resistance was found to clindamycin (31,6% for MSSA, 60% for MRSA); to linezolid (50% in MSSA, 80% for MRSA) and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (18.9% for MSSA, 60% for MRSA). Conclusion: Low MSSA strains (25.3%) and MRSA (3.3%) in the communities evaluated, in contrast to studies in health care workers (30% prevalence for MRSA).

Staphylococcus aureus em pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids hospitalizadas e as interfaces com a adesão à terapêutica antirretroviral / Staphylococcus aureus in people living with HIV/AIDS hospitalized and interfaces with antiretroviral therapy adherence

O estudo objetivou identificar a colonização nasal por Staphylococcus aureus em PVHA hospitalizadas e relacionar com adesão a TARV. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado em duas unidades de cuidados especializados às doenças infecciosas de um hospital universitário, do interior do Estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período entre 01 de agosto de 2011 e 31 de janeiro de 2015, procedida do levantamento dos dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e imunológicos; os quais foram obtidos através do prontuário e entrevista individual; da coleta de duas amostras de swab nasal; e da identificação da retirada dos medicamentos antirretrovirais, através do SICLOM. Todos os aspectos éticos foram contemplados. Os swabs foram coletados, encaminhadas e processadas pelo Laboratório de Microbiologia e Sorologia onde foram utilizados cartões AST-P585 para avaliar a sensibilidade dos Staphylococcus aureus aos antibióticos. A organização dos dados foi feita no Microsoft® Office Excel® 2010 for Windows 8 e transportada para o software IBM® SPSS®, versão 23.0 for Windows para a análise descritiva e analítica. Utilizouse o procedimento PROC LOGISTIC do software SAS 9.4®, para a análise exploratória pela variável resposta. Adotou-se o nível de significância de todos os testes de 5%. Dos 236 participantes elegíveis, a maioria era do sexo masculino (59,3%), na faixa etária entre 40 e 49 anos (48,3%), de etnia branca (66,1%), procedente de Ribeirão Preto-SP (59,7%), com ensino primário incompleto (40,2%), com ocupação profissional (52,5%), heterossexual (81,8%) e não teve parceria sexual nos últimos 6 meses (57,6%). Houve a predominância do tempo de diagnóstico pelo HIV em > 5 e <= 10 anos (44,4%), a contaminação se deu pela via sexual (66,1%), a admissão foi via o ambulatório da intituição (45,5%), a carga viral foi detectável (56,4%), a contagem de linfócitos T+ CD4 foi menor que 350 células/mm3 (61,8%), a antibioticoterapia estava prescrita (65,3%), assim como a terapia antirretroviral (51,7%) e haviam recebido procedimentos invasivos (67,4%). Quanto a colonização nasal por Staphylococcus aureus, 36,0% foram identificados como colonizados, no primeiro dia de internação hospitalar. Dos 137 participantes que permaneceram internados no sétimo dia, em 37 (27,0%) houve a identificação da colonização nasal por Staphyloccocus aureus. Quanto a classificação da adesão aos medicamentos antirretrovirais, houve o predomínio dos participantes na categoria de adesão indesejável (67,8%). Concluiu-se que a prevalência da colonização nasal por Staphylococcus aureus foi de 38,13%. A classificação quanto a categoria da adesão aos antirretrovirais interfere na presença/ausência da colonização nasal por Staphylococcus aureus, assim as PVHA hospitalizadas e categorizadas em adesão indesejável possuem 2,597 vezes o risco de obter presença de colonização nasal por Staphylococcus aureus, em relação àquelas classificadas na categoria de adesão desejável

The research aimed to identify nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized PLWHA and to correlate with ART adherence. It was a cross-sectional study carried out in two specialized care units for infectious diseases at a university hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo. The data collection took place between August 1, 2011 and January 31, 2015, proceeding from the survey of sociodemographic, clinical and immunological data, which were obtained through the medical record and individual interview; the collection of two samples of nasal swab and the identification of the withdrawal of antiretroviral drugs through SICLOM. All ethical aspects have been contemplated. The swabs were collected, sent and processed by the Laboratory of Microbiology and Serology, AST-P585 cards were used to evaluate the sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to antibiotics. Data organization was done in Microsoft® Office Excel® 2010 for Windows 8 and shipped to IBM® SPSS® software, version 23.0 for Windows for descriptive and analytical analysis. The PROC LOGISTIC procedure of the SAS 9.4® software was used for the exploratory analysis by the response variable. The level of significance was 5%. Results: From the 236 eligible participants, the majority were male (59.3%), aged 4049 (48.3%), white (66.1%), from Ribeirão Preto-SP (59.7%), with incomplete primary education (40.2%), with occupational (52.5%), heterosexual (81.8%) and had no sexual partner in the last 6 months (57.6% ). There was a predominance of HIV diagnosis time in > 5 and <= 10 years (44.4%), contamination occurred through the sexual route (66.1%), admission was from the outpatient clinic (45.5%), the viral load was detectable (56.4%), the T + CD4 count was lower than 350 cells / mL (61.8%), antibiotic therapy was prescribed (65.3%), and antiretroviral therapy (51.7%) and had received invasive procedures (67.4%). Regarding nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus, 36.0% were identified as colonized, on the first day of hospital admission. From the 137 participants who remained hospitalized on the seventh day, 37 (27.0%) were identified the nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. Regarding the classification of adherence to antiretroviral drugs, the participants were predominant in the category of undesirable adherence (67.8%). Concludes that the prevalence of nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus was 38.13%. The classification as to the category of antiretroviral adherence interferes with the presence/absence of nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus, so the hospitalized PLWHA and categorized as undesirable adherence have 2,597 times the risk of nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in relation to those classified in desirable membership category

Distribución de genes de adhesión y regulación de biofilm en Staphylococcus aureus / Distribution of adhesion and biofilm regulation genes in Staphylococcus aureus / Distribuição dos genes de adesão e regulação de biofilme em Staphylococcus aureus

La formación de biofilms es un importante factor de virulencia que contribuye en la cronicidad de los procesos infecciosos producidos por Staphylococcus aureus. Las proteínas presentes en su superficie pueden promover la formación de biofilm. En este estudio se comparó la distribución de genes que codifican para proteínas de adhesión asociadas con la formación de biofilm en cepas resistentes (MRSA) y sensibles a meticilina (MSSA). Al analizar un total de 106 aislados obtenidos de muestras sólidas y líquidas recuperados de un hospital de México, se determinó que la formación de biofilm está asociada de manera significativa a cepas MRSA (83%). Mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), se buscó la presencia de nueve genes de adhesinas (eno, ebps, fnbA, fnbB, fib, clfA, clfB, bbp, y cna) y dos de regulación del biofilm (icaA, icaD). Los resultados mostraron que los genes icaA, icaD, eno, ebps, clfA, clfB se amplificaron en todas las cepas mientras que los genes fnbA, fnbB, fib, y bbp tuvieron una distribución variable. Los datos obtenidos muestran por primera vez que la presencia del gen cna se encuentra asociada a cepas MSSA y no productoras de biofilm (p<0,05).

Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor that contributes to the chronicity of the infectious processes caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The proteins on the surface of this bacterium can promote the formation of a biofilm. The distribution of genes encoding adhesion proteins associated with biofilm formation in methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains was compared in this study. The analysis of a total of 106 isolates obtained from solid and liquid samples collected from a hospital in Mexico showed that biofilm formation was significantly associated with MRSA strains (83%). The presence of nine adhesine genes (eno, ebps, fnbA, fnbB, fib, clfA, clfB, bbp, cna) and two biofilm regulatory genes (icaA, icaD) was looked for by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results evidenced that icaA, icaD, eno, ebps, clfA, and clfB genes were amplified from all strains, while fnbA, fnbB, fib, and bbp genes were non-uniformly distributed among them. Notably, the results showed for the first time that the presence of the cna gene is associated with biofilm non-producing MSSA strains (p<0.05).

A formação de biofilmes é um fator de virulência importante que contribui para a cronicidade dos processos infecciosos produzidos por Staphylococcus aureus. As proteínas presentes em superfície podem promover a formação de biofilme. Neste estudo, comparou-se a distribuição de genes que codificam para proteínas de adesão associadas com a formação de biofilmes em cepas resistentes (MRSA) e sensíveis à meticilina (MSSA). A análise de um total de 106 isolados obtidos a partir de amostras sólidas e líquidas coletadas em um hospital no México mostrou que a formação de biofilme é associada significativamente a cepas MRSA (83%). A técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada para verificar a presença de nove genes de adesinas (eno, ebps, fnbA, fnbB, fib, clfA, clfB, bbp, cna) e dois genes reguladores do biofilme (icaA, icaD). Os resultados mostraram que os genes icaA, icaD, eno, ebps, clfA, clfB foram amplificados em todas as cepas, enquanto que os genes fnbA, fnbB, fib, e bbp tiveram uma distribuição variável. Os dados obtidos mostram pela primeira vez que a presença do gene cna está associada a cepas MSSA e não produtoras de biofilme (p<0,05).

Principais patógenos envolvidos em casos de sepse em pacientes queimados: uma revisão de literatura / Main pathogens involved in the cases of sepsis in burned patients: a review on the literature / Principales patógenos en los casos de sepsis em pacientes quemados: una revisión de literatura

Objetivo: Buscou-se no presente trabalho identificar os principais patógenos envolvidos em infecções em pacientes queimados, bem como enfatizar a relevância do diagnóstico adequado para o tratamento de sepse. Método: Para a realização do presente trabalho, foi feito levantamento bibliográfico de caráter exploratório e obtidos 33 estudos relevantes. A coleta de informações ocorreu nos meses de março a novembro de 2016. Resultados: Dentre os principais patógenos presentes em queimados, que podem gerar quadro de sepse, estão Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter sp, Candida albicans e Proteus sp. Esses podem, ou não, estar relacionados à própria microbiota do paciente. O processo de infecção, com perda da primeira linha de defesa imunológica, deixa o organismo suscetível à entrada e instalação de microrganismos. O tratamento da sepse depende de fatores relevantes, que incluem a gravidade da lesão e o agente causador da infecção. Conclusão: O risco de ocorrência de sepse, associada às infecções em queimados nas unidades de tratamento intensivo, pode ser reduzido com o diagnóstico adequado e acompanhamento do paciente.

Objective: This article aimed to identify the main pathogens involved in infections in burned patients, as well as to emphasize the relevance of the appropriate diagnosis for the treatment of sepsis. Methods: For the accomplishment of the present work, it was carried out a bibliographic survey of exploratory character and 33 relevant studies were obtained. Data collection was carried out from March to November 2016. Results: Among the main pathogens present in burnt patient related with sepsis are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter sp, Candida albicans and Proteus sp. These pathogens may or may not be related to the patients microbiota. The infection process, with loss of the first line of immune defense, leaves the organism susceptible to the entry and installation of microorganisms. Treatment of sepsis depends on relevant factors including the severity of the lesion and the agent of the infection. Conclusion: The risk associated with sepsis in burned patients may be reduced with appropriate diagnosis and monitoring.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este artículo fue identificar los principales patógenos asociados en infecciones en pacientes com quemaduras, así como enfatizar la relevancia del diagnóstico adecuado para el tratamiento de la sepsis. Métodos: Para el desarrollo del presente trabajo, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de caracter exploratório, siendo considerados relevantes 33 estudios. La búsqueda de datos se realizó de marzo a noviembre de 2016. Resultados: Entre los principales patógenos presentes en pacientes quemados relacionados con la sepsis se destacaron Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter sp, Candida albicans y Proteus sp. Estos patógenos pueden o no estar relacionados con la microbiota del paciente. El proceso de infección, con la pérdida de la primera línea de defensa inmunológica, deja el organismo susceptible a la entrada e instalación de microorganismos. El tratamiento de la sepsis depende de factores relevantes, incluyendo la gravedad de la lesión y el agente de la infección. Conclusión: El riesgo asociado con la sepsis en pacientes quemados puede reducirse con un diagnóstico y seguimiento adecuados.

Relationship between super antigenicity, antimicrobial resistance and origin of Staphylococcus aureus isolated / Relación entre superantigenicidad, resistencia antimicrobiana y origen de aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that causes food poisoning as well as hospital and community acquired infections. Objective: Establish the profile of superantigen genes among hospital isolates in relation to clinical specimen type, susceptibility to antibiotics and hospital or community acquisition. Methods: Eighty one isolates obtained from patients at Colombian hospital, were classified by antimicrobial susceptibility, specimen type and hospital or community acquired. The PCR uniplex and multiplex was used for detection of 22 superantigen genes (18 enterotoxins, tsst-1 and three exfoliative toxins). Results: Ninety five point one percent of isolates harbored one or more of the genes with an average of 5.6 genes. Prevalence of individual genes was variable and the most prevalent was seg (51.9%). Thirty nine genotypes were obtained, and the genotype gimnou (complete egc cluster) was the most prevalent alone (16.0%) and in association with other genes (13.6%). The correlation between presence of superantigens and clinical specimen or antimicrobial susceptibility showed no significant difference. But there was significant difference between presence of superantigens and the origin of the isolates, hospital or community acquired (p= 0.049). Conclusions: The results show the variability of the superantigen genes profile in hospital isolates and shows no conclusive relationship with the clinical sample type and antimicrobial susceptibility, but there was correlation with community and hospital isolates. The analysis of the interplay between virulence, epidemic and antibiotic resistance of bacterial populations is needed to predict the future of infectious diseases.

Introducción: Staphylococcus aureus, es un patógeno que causa intoxicación alimentaria e infecciones hospitalarias y comunitarias. Objetivo: Establecer el perfil de genes de superantígenos en aislamientos hospitalarios correlacionándolos con el tipo de muestra clínica, susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y origen hospitalario o comunitario. Métodos: Se analizaron 81 aislamientos de S. aureus de pacientes de un hospital colombiano. Fueron clasificadas por susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, tipo de muestra clínica y origen hospitalario o comunitario. Se detectó por PCR individual y múltiple 22 genes de superantígenos (18 enterotoxinas, una toxina del choque tóxico-1 y tres toxinas exfoliativas). Resultados: El 95.1% albergaban uno o más genes de superantígenos con un promedio de 5.6 genes. La prevalencia individual fue variable y el gen con mayor prevalencia fue seg (51.9%). Se obtuvieron 39 genotipos, y el genotipo gimnou (cluster egc completo) fue el de mayor frecuencia (16.0%) y asociado con otros genes (13.6%). La correlación de superantígenos frente a tipo de muestra clínica y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana no mostró diferencia estadística significativa, pero hubo diferencia significativa con el tipo de aislamiento hospitalario o comunitario (p= 0.049). Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran la diversidad genética en los aislados hospitalarios respecto a la presencia de superantígenos y no muestra una relación concluyente con el tipo de muestra clínica y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana pero sí con origen de los aislamientos comunitarios y hospitalarios. Un análisis de la interrelación entre la virulencia, epidemicidad y resistencia antimicrobiana de las poblaciones bacterianas es necesario para predecir el futuro de las enfermedades infecciosas.